... surfaces, the local real contact area of rough spherical contact is determined, in which the local pressure is given by the Hertzian model. Then, the total real contact area of rough spherical contact is obtained by integrating over the Hertzian contact area. It is found that the load–area relation...

..., topographically smooth Hertzian contact, the hysteresis loop is displayed in Fig. 8a , for reference. During the application of the initial shear, the deep-point tangential displacement Δ t is given by 13 Δ t = 3 ( 2 − ν ) f P 16 μ a [ 1 − ( 1 − Q f P...

... machine bearings discrete element method contact stresses inclusions Hertzian contact Subsurface initiated rolling contact fatigue, which is one of the modes of failure in rolling element bearings, occurs when micro-cracks initiate by fracture below the surface, and coalesce together...