Abstract
Transition metal dissolution in layered cathodes is one of the most intractable issues that deteriorate the battery performance and lifetime. It not only aggravates the structure degradation in cathode but also damages the solid electrolyte interphase in anode and even induces the formation of lithium dendrites. In this work, we investigate the dissolution behaviors of polycrystalline and single-crystalline layered cathode via operando X-ray imaging techniques. The cathode particle morphology appears to have a significant impact on the evolution of the dissolution dynamics. As a mitigation strategy, we reveal that doping with a trace amount of Zr in the layered cathode could improve its robustness against the transition metal dissolution. Our finding provides valuable insights for designing the next-generation highly stable layered battery cathodes.
References
1.
Armand
, M.
, and Tarascon
, J. M.
, 2008
, “Building Better Batteries
,” Nature
, 451
(7179
), pp. 652
–657
. 2.
Choi
, J. W.
, and Aurbach
, D.
, 2016
, “Promise and Reality of Post-Lithium-Ion Batteries With High Energy Densities
,” Nat. Rev. Mater.
, 1
(4
), p. 16013
. 3.
Goodenough
, J. B.
, and Park
, K.-S.
, 2013
, “The Li-Ion Rechargeable Battery: A Perspective
,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.
, 135
(4
), pp. 1167
–1176
. 4.
Tarascon
, J. M.
, and Armand
, M.
, 2001
, “Issues and Challenges Facing Rechargeable Lithium Batteries
,” Nature
, 414
(6861
), pp. 359
–367
. 5.
Cano
, Z. P.
, Banham
, D.
, Ye
, S.
, Hintennach
, A.
, Lu
, J.
, Fowler
, M.
, and Chen
, Z.
, 2018
, “Batteries and Fuel Cells for Emerging Electric Vehicle Markets
,” Nat. Energy
, 3
(4
), pp. 279
–289
. 6.
Fan
, E.
, Li
, L.
, Wang
, Z.
, Lin
, J.
, Huang
, Y.
, Yao
, Y.
, Chen
, R.
, and Wu
, F.
, 2020
, “Sustainable Recycling Technology for Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond: Challenges and Future Prospects
,” Chem. Rev.
, 120
(14
), pp. 7020
–7063
. 7.
Dunn
, B.
, Kamath
, H.
, and Tarascon
, J.-M.
, 2011
, “Electrical Energy Storage for the Grid: A Battery of Choices
,” Science
, 334
(6058
), pp. 928
–935
. 8.
Yang
, Z.
, Zhang
, J.
, Kintner-Meyer
, M. C. W.
, Lu
, X.
, Choi
, D.
, Lemmon
, J. P.
, and Liu
, J.
, 2011
, “Electrochemical Energy Storage for Green Grid
,” Chem. Rev.
, 111
(5
), pp. 3577
–3613
. 9.
Zeng
, X.
, Li
, M.
, Abd El-Hady
, D.
, Alshitari
, W.
, Al-Bogami
, A. S.
, Lu
, J.
, and Amine
, K.
, 2019
, “Commercialization of Lithium Battery Technologies for Electric Vehicles
,” Adv. Energy Mater.
, 9
(27
), p. 1900161
. 10.
Mizushima
, K.
, Jones
, P. C.
, Wiseman
, P. J.
, and Goodenough
, J. B.
, 1980
, “LixCoO2 (0 < x < −1): A New Cathode Material for Batteries of High Energy Density
,” Mater. Res. Bull.
, 15
(6
), pp. 783
–789
. 11.
Ohzuku
, T.
, and Makimura
, Y.
, 2001
, “Layered Lithium Insertion Material of LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 for Lithium-Ion Batteries
,” Chem. Lett.
, 30
(7
), pp. 642
–643
. 12.
Chikkannanavar
, S. B.
, Bernardi
, D. M.
, and Liu
, L.
, 2014
, “A Review of Blended Cathode Materials for Use in Li-Ion Batteries
,” J. Power Sources
, 248
, pp. 91
–100
. 13.
Lee
, W.
, Muhammad
, S.
, Sergey
, C.
, Lee
, H.
, Yoon
, J.
, Kang
, Y.-M.
, and Yoon
, W.-S.
, 2020
, “Advances in the Cathode Materials for Lithium Rechargeable Batteries
,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
, 59
(7
), pp. 2578
–2605
. 14.
Whittingham
, M. S.
, 2004
, “Lithium Batteries and Cathode Materials
,” Chem. Rev.
, 104
(10
), pp. 4271
–4302
. 15.
Kim
, J.
, Lee
, H.
, Cha
, H.
, Yoon
, M.
, Park
, M.
, and Cho
, J.
, 2018
, “Prospect and Reality of Ni-Rich Cathode for Commercialization
,” Adv. Energy Mater.
, 8
(6
), p. 1702028
. 16.
Liu
, W.
, Oh
, P.
, Liu
, X.
, Lee
, M.-J.
, Cho
, W.
, Chae
, S.
, Kim
, Y.
, and Cho
, J.
, 2015
, “Nickel-Rich Layered Lithium Transition-Metal Oxide for High-Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries
,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
, 54
(15
), pp. 4440
–4457
. 17.
Myung
, S.-T.
, Maglia
, F.
, Park
, K.-J.
, Yoon
, C. S.
, Lamp
, P.
, Kim
, S.-J.
, and Sun
, Y.-K.
, 2017
, “Nickel-Rich Layered Cathode Materials for Automotive Lithium-Ion Batteries: Achievements and Perspectives
,” ACS Energy Lett.
, 2
(1
), pp. 196
–223
. 18.
Wang
, X.
, Ding
, Y.-L.
, Deng
, Y.-P.
, and Chen
, Z.
, 2020
, “Ni-Rich/Co-Poor Layered Cathode for Automotive Li-Ion Batteries: Promises and Challenges
,” Adv. Energy Mater.
, 10
(12
), p. 1903864
. 19.
Xu
, J.
, Lin
, F.
, Doeff
, M. M.
, and Tong
, W.
, 2017
, “A Review of Ni-Based Layered Oxides for Rechargeable Li-Ion Batteries
,” J. Mater. Chem. A
, 5
(3
), pp. 874
–901
. 20.
Noh
, H.-J.
, Youn
, S.
, Yoon
, C. S.
, and Sun
, Y.-K.
, 2013
, “Comparison of the Structural and Electrochemical Properties of Layered Li [NixCoyMnz]O2 (x = 1/3, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.85) Cathode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries
,” J. Power Sources
, 233
, pp. 121
–130
. 21.
Xiao
, B.
, and Sun
, X.
, 2018
, “Surface and Subsurface Reactions of Lithium Transition Metal Oxide Cathode Materials: An Overview of the Fundamental Origins and Remedying Approaches
,” Adv. Energy Mater.
, 8
(29
), p. 1802057
. 22.
Sun
, H. H.
, Ryu
, H.-H.
, Kim
, U.-H.
, Weeks
, J. A.
, Heller
, A.
, Sun
, Y.-K.
, and Mullins
, C. B.
, 2020
, “Beyond Doping and Coating: Prospective Strategies for Stable High-Capacity Layered Ni-Rich Cathodes
,” ACS Energy Lett.
, 5
(4
), pp. 1136
–1146
. 23.
Sun
, Y.-K.
, Chen
, Z.
, Noh
, H.-J.
, Lee
, D.-J.
, Jung
, H.-G.
, Ren
, Y.
, Wang
, S.
, Yoon
, C. S.
, Myung
, S.-T.
, and Amine
, K.
, 2012
, “Nanostructured High-Energy Cathode Materials for Advanced Lithium Batteries
,” Nat. Mater.
, 11
(11
), pp. 942
–947
. 24.
Sun
, Y.-K.
, Myung
, S.-T.
, Park
, B.-C.
, Prakash
, J.
, Belharouak
, I.
, and Amine
, K.
, 2009
, “High-Energy Cathode Material for Long-Life and Safe Lithium Batteries
,” Nat. Mater.
, 8
(4
), pp. 320
–324
. 25.
Xu
, Z.
, Jiang
, Z.
, Kuai
, C.
, Xu
, R.
, Qin
, C.
, Zhang
, Y.
, Rahman
, M. M.
, et al, 2020
, “Charge Distribution Guided by Grain Crystallographic Orientations in Polycrystalline Battery Materials
,” Nat. Commun.
, 11
(1
), p. 83
. 26.
Lin
, F.
, Nordlund
, D.
, Li
, Y.
, Quan
, M. K.
, Cheng
, L.
, Weng
, T.-C.
, Liu
, Y.
, Xin
, H. L.
, and Doeff
, M. M.
, 2016
, “Metal Segregation in Hierarchically Structured Cathode Materials for High-Energy Lithium Batteries
,” Nat. Energy
, 1
(1
), p. 15004
. 27.
Bi
, Y.
, Tao
, J.
, Wu
, Y.
, Li
, L.
, Xu
, Y.
, Hu
, E.
, Wu
, B.
, et al, 2020
, “Reversible Planar Gliding and Microcracking in a Single-Crystalline Ni-Rich Cathode
,” Science
, 370
(6522
), pp. 1313
–1317
. 28.
Trevisanello
, E.
, Ruess
, R.
, Conforto
, G.
, Richter
, F. H.
, and Janek
, J.
, 2021
, “Polycrystalline and Single Crystalline NCM Cathode Materials—Quantifying Particle Cracking, Active Surface Area, and Lithium Diffusion
,” Adv. Energy Mater.
, 11
(18
), p. 2003400
. 29.
Kim
, U.-H.
, Ryu
, H.-H.
, Kim
, J.-H.
, Mücke
, R.
, Kaghazchi
, P.
, Yoon
, C. S.
, and Sun
, Y.-K.
, 2019
, “Microstructure-Controlled Ni-Rich Cathode Material by Microscale Compositional Partition for Next-Generation Electric Vehicles
,” Adv. Energy Mater.
, 9
(15
), p. 1803902
. 30.
Li
, J.
, and Manthiram
, A.
, 2019
, “A Comprehensive Analysis of the Interphasial and Structural Evolution Over Long-Term Cycling of Ultrahigh-Nickel Cathodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries
,” Adv. Energy Mater.
, 9
(45
), p. 1902731
. 31.
Qian
, G.
, Li
, Z.
, Meng
, D.
, Liu
, J. B.
, He
, Y.-S.
, Rao
, Q.
, Liu
, Y.
, Ma
, Z.-F.
, and Li
, L.
, 2021
, “Temperature-Swing Synthesis of Large-Size Single-Crystal LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 Cathode Materials
,” J. Electrochem. Soc.
, 168
(1
), p. 010534
. 32.
Qian
, G.
, Zhang
, Y.
, Li
, L.
, Zhang
, R.
, Xu
, J.
, Cheng
, Z.
, Xie
, S.
, et al, 2020
, “Single-Crystal Nickel-Rich Layered-Oxide Battery Cathode Materials: Synthesis, Electrochemistry, and Intra-Granular Fracture
,” Energy Storage Mater.
, 27
, pp. 140
–149
. 33.
Liu
, Y.
, Harlow
, J.
, and Dahn
, J.
, 2020
, “Microstructural Observations of “Single Crystal” Positive Electrode Materials Before and After Long Term Cycling by Cross-Section Scanning Electron Microscopy
,” J. Electrochem. Soc.
, 167
(2
), p. 020512
. 34.
Xia
, S.
, Mu
, L.
, Xu
, Z.
, Wang
, J.
, Wei
, C.
, Liu
, L.
, Pianetta
, P.
, et al, 2018
, “Chemomechanical Interplay of Layered Cathode Materials Undergoing Fast Charging in Lithium Batteries
,” Nano Energy
, 53
, pp. 753
–762
. 35.
Yang
, Y.
, Xu
, R.
, Zhang
, K.
, Lee
, S.-J.
, Mu
, L.
, Liu
, P.
, Waters
, C. K.
, et al, 2019
, “Quantification of Heterogeneous Degradation in Li-Ion Batteries
,” Adv. Energy Mater.
, 9
(25
), p. 1900674
. 36.
Hu
, E.
, Wang
, X.
, Yu
, X.
, and Yang
, X.-Q.
, 2018
, “Probing the Complexities of Structural Changes in Layered Oxide Cathode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries During Fast Charge–Discharge Cycling and Heating
,” Acc. Chem. Res.
, 51
(2
), pp. 290
–298
. 37.
Xu
, Z.
, Rahman
, M. M.
, Mu
, L.
, Liu
, Y.
, and Lin
, F.
, 2018
, “Chemomechanical Behaviors of Layered Cathode Materials in Alkali Metal Ion Batteries
,” J. Mater. Chem. A
, 6
(44
), pp. 21859
–21884
. 38.
Lin
, F.
, Zhao
, K.
, and Liu
, Y.
, 2021
, “Heterogeneous Reaction Activities and Statistical Characteristics of Particle Cracking in Battery Electrodes
,” ACS Energy Lett.
, 6
(11
), pp. 4065
–4070
. 39.
Bhandari
, A.
, and Bhattacharya
, J.
, 2016
, “Review—Manganese Dissolution From Spinel Cathode: Few Unanswered Questions
,” J. Electrochem. Soc.
, 164
(2
), pp. A106
–A127
. 40.
Li
, W.
, 2020
, “Review—An Unpredictable Hazard in Lithium-Ion Batteries From Transition Metal Ions: Dissolution From Cathodes, Deposition on Anodes and Elimination Strategies
,” J. Electrochem. Soc.
, 167
(9
), p. 090514
. 41.
Zhan
, C.
, Wu
, T.
, Lu
, J.
, and Amine
, K.
, 2018
, “Dissolution, Migration, and Deposition of Transition Metal Ions in Li-Ion Batteries Exemplified by Mn-Based Cathodes—A Critical Review
,” Energy Environ. Sci.
, 11
(2
), pp. 243
–257
. 42.
Betz
, J.
, Brinkmann
, J.-P.
, Nölle
, R.
, Lürenbaum
, C.
, Kolek
, M.
, Stan
, M. C.
, Winter
, M.
, and Placke
, T.
, 2019
, “Cross Talk Between Transition Metal Cathode and Li Metal Anode: Unraveling Its Influence on the Deposition/Dissolution Behavior and Morphology of Lithium
,” Adv. Energy Mater.
, 9
(21
), p. 1900574
. 43.
Choi
, W.
, and Manthiram
, A.
, 2006
, “Comparison of Metal Ion Dissolutions From Lithium Ion Battery Cathodes
,” J. Electrochem. Soc.
, 153
(9
), p. A1760
. 44.
Yang
, L.
, Takahashi
, M.
, and Wang
, B.
, 2006
, “A Study on Capacity Fading of Lithium-Ion Battery With Manganese Spinel Positive Electrode During Cycling
,” Electrochim. Acta
, 51
(16
), pp. 3228
–3234
. 45.
Gallus
, D. R.
, Schmitz
, R.
, Wagner
, R.
, Hoffmann
, B.
, Nowak
, S.
, Cekic-Laskovic
, I.
, Schmitz
, R. W.
, and Winter
, M.
, 2014
, “The Influence of Different Conducting Salts on the Metal Dissolution and Capacity Fading of NCM Cathode Material
,” Electrochim. Acta
, 134
, pp. 393
–398
. 46.
Zheng
, H.
, Sun
, Q.
, Liu
, G.
, Song
, X.
, and Battaglia
, V. S.
, 2012
, “Correlation Between Dissolution Behavior and Electrochemical Cycling Performance for LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2-Based Cells
,” J. Power Sources
, 207
, pp. 134
–140
. 47.
Jung
, R.
, Linsenmann
, F.
, Thomas
, R.
, Wandt
, J.
, Solchenbach
, S.
, Maglia
, F.
, Stinner
, C.
, Tromp
, M.
, and Gasteiger
, H. A.
, 2019
, “Nickel, Manganese, and Cobalt Dissolution From Ni-Rich NMC and Their Effects on NMC622-Graphite Cells
,” J. Electrochem. Soc.
, 166
(2
), pp. A378
–A389
. 48.
Solchenbach
, S.
, Metzger
, M.
, Egawa
, M.
, Beyer
, H.
, and Gasteiger
, H. A.
, 2018
, “Quantification of PF5 and POF3 From Side Reactions of LiPF6 in Li-Ion Batteries
,” J. Electrochem. Soc.
, 165
(13
), pp. A3022
–A3028
. 49.
Kang
, K. S.
, Choi
, S.
, Song
, J.
, Woo
, S.-G.
, Jo
, Y. N.
, Choi
, J.
, Yim
, T.
, Yu
, J.-S.
, and Kim
, Y.-J.
, 2014
, “Effect of Additives on Electrochemical Performance of Lithium Nickel Cobalt Manganese Oxide at High Temperature
,” J. Power Sources
, 253
, pp. 48
–54
. 50.
Ran
, Q.
, Zhao
, H.
, Wang
, Q.
, Shu
, X.
, Hu
, Y.
, Hao
, S.
, Wang
, M.
, et al, 2019
, “Dual Functions of Gradient Phosphate Polyanion Doping on Improving the Electrochemical Performance of Ni-Rich LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 Cathode at High Cut-Off Voltage and High Temperature
,” Electrochim. Acta
, 299
, pp. 971
–978
. 51.
Wachs
, S. J.
, Behling
, C.
, Ranninger
, J.
, Möller
, J.
, Mayrhofer
, K. J. J.
, and Berkes
, B. B.
, 2021
, “Online Monitoring of Transition-Metal Dissolution From a High-Ni-Content Cathode Material
,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
, 13
(28
), pp. 33075
–33082
. 52.
Klein
, S.
, Bärmann
, P.
, Beuse
, T.
, Borzutzki
, K.
, Frerichs
, J. E.
, Kasnatscheew
, J.
, Winter
, M.
, and Placke
, T.
, 2021
, “Exploiting the Degradation Mechanism of NCM523 Graphite Lithium-Ion Full Cells Operated at High Voltage
,” ChemSusChem
, 14
(2
), pp. 595
–613
. 53.
Tian
, C.
, Xu
, Y.
, Nordlund
, D.
, Lin
, F.
, Liu
, J.
, Sun
, Z.
, Liu
, Y.
, and Doeff
, M.
, 2018
, “Charge Heterogeneity and Surface Chemistry in Polycrystalline Cathode Materials
,” Joule
, 2
(3
), pp. 464
–477
. 54.
Nakamura
, T.
, Sakumoto
, K.
, Okamoto
, M.
, Seki
, S.
, Kobayashi
, Y.
, Takeuchi
, T.
, Tabuchi
, M.
, and Yamada
, Y.
, 2007
, “Electrochemical Study on Mn2+-Substitution in LiFePO4 Olivine Compound
,” J. Power Sources
, 174
(2
), pp. 435
–441
. 55.
Qian
, G.
, Huang
, H.
, Hou
, F.
, Wang
, W.
, Wang
, Y.
, Lin
, J.
, Lee
, S.-J.
, et al, 2021
, “Selective Dopant Segregation Modulates Mesoscale Reaction Kinetics in Layered Transition Metal Oxide
,” Nano Energy
, 84
, p. 105926
. 56.
Bao
, W.
, Qian
, G.
, Zhao
, L.
, Yu
, Y.
, Su
, L.
, Cai
, X.
, Zhao
, H.
, et al, 2020
, “Simultaneous Enhancement of Interfacial Stability and Kinetics of Single-Crystal LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 Through Optimized Surface Coating and Doping
,” Nano Lett.
, 20
(12
), pp. 8832
–8840
. 57.
Li
, X.
, Zhou
, L.
, Wang
, H.
, Meng
, D.
, Qian
, G.
, Wang
, Y.
, He
, Y.
, et al, 2021
, “Dopants Modulate Crystal Growth in Molten Salts Enabled by Surface Energy Tuning
,” J. Mater. Chem. A
, 9
(35
), pp. 19675
–19680
. 58.
Ko
, D.-S.
, Park
, J.-H.
, Park
, S.
, Ham
, Y. N.
, Ahn
, S. J.
, Park
, J.-H.
, Han
, H. N.
, Lee
, E.
, Jeon
, W. S.
, and Jung
, C.
, 2019
, “Microstructural Visualization of Compositional Changes Induced by Transition Metal Dissolution in Ni-Rich Layered Cathode Materials by High-Resolution Particle Analysis
,” Nano Energy
, 56
, pp. 434
–442
. Copyright © 2022 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
