... the threshold parameter. Therefore, the Q criterion may be seen as a good compromise, which may explain its popularity in the computational fluid dynamics community to visualize vortices; however, it still produces false positives and negatives. Table 3 Number of predicted vortices for the Q, delta...

... computational fluid dynamics external flows flow simulation geometry hydrodynamics ocean waves pattern clustering real-time systems remotely operated vehicles virtual reality Unmanned vehicles have emerged as an important tool in search, rescue, recovery, and surveillance operations. VE plays...

... is computationally efficient. However, it often fails to account for asymmetric flow characteristics, leading to an inaccurate analysis. An accurate analysis of their flow fields typically requires using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique, which is numerically inefficient and time consuming...