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Journal of Biomechanical Engineering | Volume 129 | Issue 6 | Technical Brief
TECHNICAL BRIEFS

Mechanical Properties of Stapedial Tendon in Human Middle Ear

[+] Author and Article Information
Tao Cheng

Bioengineering Center, School of Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019tcheng@ou.edu

Rong Z. Gan

Bioengineering Center, School of Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019rgan@ou.edu

J Biomech Eng 129(6), 913-918 (Apr 19, 2007) (6 pages) doi:10.1115/1.2800837 History: Received April 21, 2006; Revised April 19, 2007
Article
References
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Citing Articles

Measurement on mechanical properties of the stapedial tendon in human middle ear has not been reported in the literature. In this paper, we used the material testing system to conduct uniaxial tensile, stress relaxation, and failure tests on stapedial tendon specimens harvested from human temporal bones. The digital image correlation method was employed to assess the boundary effect on experimental data. The stress-strain relationship of the tendon obtained from experiments was analyzed using the hyperelastic Ogden model. The results presented include (1) the constitutive equation of the tendon for stretch ratio of 1–1.4 or stress range of 0–1.45MPa, (2) the mean ultimate stress and stretch ratio of the tendon at 4.04MPa and 1.65, respectively, and (3) the hysteresis and normalized stress relaxation function of the tendon. The data reported in this paper contribute to ear mechanics, especially for theoretical analysis of human ear function.
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Copyright © 2007 by American Society of Mechanical Engineers
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References

1
Huttenbrink, K. B., 1989, “The Functional Significance of the Suspending Ligaments of the Ear Ossicle Chain,” Laryngorhinootologie, 68 (3), pp. 146–151.
2
Love, J. T., and Stream, R. W., 1978, “The Biphasic Acoustic Reflex: A New Perspective,” Laryngoscope  [CrossRef], 88 (2), pp. 298–313.
3
Causse, J. B., Vincent, R., Michat, M., and Gherini, S., 1997, “Stapedius Tendon Reconstruction During Stapedotomy: Technique and Results,” Ear Nose Throat J., 76 (4), pp. 256–258 and260–269.
4
Karjalainen, S., Harma, R., and Karja, J., 1983, “Results of Stapes Operations With Preservation of the Stapedius Muscle Tendon,” Acta Oto-Laryngol., 96 (1–2), pp. 113–117.
5
Causse, J. B., Gherini, S., Lopez, A., Juberthie, L., Olivier, J. C., and Bastianelli, G., 1993, “Impedance Transfer: Acoustic Impedance of the Annular Ligament and Stapedial Tendon Reconstruction in Otosclerosis Surgery,” Am. J. Otol., 14 (6), pp. 613–617.
6
Silverstein, H., Hester, T. O., Rosenberg, S. I., and Deems, D. A., 1998, “Preservation of the Stapedius Tendon in Laser Stapes Surgery,” Laryngoscope  [CrossRef], 108 (10), pp. 1453–1458.
7
Jecker, P., and Hartwein, J., 1992, “Ossification of the Stapedius Tendon as a Rare Cause of Conductive Hearing Loss,” Laryngorhinootologie, 71 (7), pp. 344–346.
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Koike, T., and Wada, H., 2002, “Modeling of the Human Middle Ear Using the Finite-Element Method,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.  [CrossRef], 111 , pp. 1306–1317.
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Beer, H. J., Bornitz, M., Hardtke, H. J., Schmidt, R., Hofmann, G., Vogel, U., Zahnert, T., and Huttenbrink, K. B., 1999, “Modelling of Components of the Human Middle Ear and Simulation of their Dynamic Behaviour,” Audiol. Neuro-Otol.  [CrossRef], 4 (3–4), pp. 156–162.
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Kelly, D. J., Prendergast, P. J., and Blayney, A. W., 2003, “The Effect of Prosthesis Design on Vibration of the Reconstructed Ossicular Chain: A Comparative Finite Element Analysis of Four Protheses,” Otol. Neurotol.  [CrossRef], 24 , pp. 11–19.
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Gan, R. Z., Feng, B., and Sun, Q., 2004, “Three-Dimensional Finite Element Modeling of Human Ear for Sound Transmission,” Ann. Biomed. Eng.  [CrossRef], 32 (6), pp. 847–859.
12
Gan, R. Z., Wood, M. W., and Dormer, K. J., 2004, “Human Middle Ear Transfer Function Measured by Double Laser Interferometry System,” Otol. Neurotol.  [CrossRef], 25 (4), pp. 423–435.
13
Fung, Y. C., 1993, "Biomechanics: Mechanical Properties of Living Tissues", Springer-Verlag, New York, Chap. 7.
14
Lu, H., and Cary, P. D., 2000, “Deformation Measurements by Digital Image Correlation: Implementation of a Second-order Displacement Gradient,” Exp. Mech.  [CrossRef], 40 (4), pp. 1–8.
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Miller, K., and Chinzei, K., 2002, “Mechanical Properties of Brain Tissue in Tension,” J. Biomech.  [CrossRef], 35 (4), pp. 483–490.
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Wu, J. Z., Dong, R. G., Smutz, W. P., and Schopper, A. W., 2003, “Nonlinear and Viscoelastic Characteristics of Skin Under Compression: Experiment and Analysis,” Biomed. Mater. Eng., 13 (4), pp. 373–385.
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Wang, B., Lu, H., and Kim, G., 2002, “A Damage Model for the Fatigue Life of Elastomeric Materials,” Mech. Mater.  [CrossRef], 34 , pp. 475–483.
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Weiss, J. A., and Gardiner, J. C., 2001, “Computational Modeling of Ligament Mechanics,” Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng., 29 (3), pp. 303–371.
19
Cheng, T., Dai, C., and Gan, R. Z., 2007, “Viscoelastic Properties of Human Tympanic Membrane,” Ann. Biomed. Eng., 35 (2), pp. 305–314.
20
Lim, D. J., 1970, “Human Tympanic Membrane: An Ultrastructural Observation,” Acta Oto-Laryngol., 70 (3), pp. 176–186.
21
Fay, J., Puria, S., Decraemer, W. F., and Steele, C., 2005, “Three Approaches for Estimating the Elastic Modulus of the Tympanic Membrane,” J. Biomech.  [CrossRef], 38 , pp. 1807–1815.

Figures

Grahic Jump Location
+Medial view of a left human middle ear model with the ST
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Medial view of a left human middle ear model with the ST
Figure 1

Medial view of a left human middle ear model with the ST

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+(a) The ST harvested from a human temporal bone with the stapes and pyramidal eminence connected. (b) The ST specimen fixed at the mounting fixture along the longitudinal direction in a MTS. A ruler was attached to the metal holder at the load cell side as a reference for dimension measurement.
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(a) The ST harvested from a human temporal bone with the stapes and pyramidal eminence connected. (b) The ST specimen fixed at the mounting fixture along the longitudinal direction in a MTS. A ruler was attached to the metal holder at the load cell side as a reference for dimension measurement.
Figure 2

(a) The ST harvested from a human temporal bone with the stapes and pyramidal eminence connected. (b) The ST specimen fixed at the mounting fixture along the longitudinal direction in a MTS. A ruler was attached to the metal holder at the load cell side as a reference for dimension measurement.

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+Illustration of the DIC method for calculating the strain distribution of the ST specimen under the loading process. The image of the specimen at time t=0 was a reference image, and three images of the specimen selected for illustration purpose at t=5s, 10s and 20s were deformed images. A grid (6×6) of 36 nodes was generated at the middle portion of each image. Two horizontal lines were identified along the top and bottom grids in the reference image, and six vertical lines, which connect corresponding grid nodes on the horizontal lines were identified as well. The length of each vertical line, in the reference image was used as the original length (L0) of the specimen, and the length of the corresponding vertical lines traced in deformed images was measured as the deformed length (L) of the specimen.
View Large  |  Save Figure  |  Download Slide (.ppt)
Illustration of the DIC method for calculating the strain distribution of the ST specimen under the loading process. The image of the specimen at time t=0 was a reference image, and three images of the specimen selected for illustration purpose at t=5s, 10s and 20s were deformed images. A grid (6×6) of 36 nodes was generated at the middle portion of each image. Two horizontal lines were identified along the top and bottom grids in the reference image, and six vertical lines, which connect corresponding grid nodes on the horizontal lines were identified as well. The length of each vertical line, in the reference image was used as the original length (L0) of the specimen, and the length of the corresponding vertical lines traced in deformed images was measured as the deformed length (L) of the specimen.
Figure 3

Illustration of the DIC method for calculating the strain distribution of the ST specimen under the loading process. The image of the specimen at time t=0 was a reference image, and three images of the specimen selected for illustration purpose at t=5s, 10s and 20s were deformed images. A grid (6×6) of 36 nodes was generated at the middle portion of each image. Two horizontal lines were identified along the top and bottom grids in the reference image, and six vertical lines, which connect corresponding grid nodes on the horizontal lines were identified as well. The length of each vertical line, in the reference image was used as the original length (L0) of the specimen, and the length of the corresponding vertical lines traced in deformed images was measured as the deformed length (L) of the specimen.

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+(a) Transverse strain distribution across the tendon specimen calculated from DIC analysis at four time steps. The number of nodes represents six locations (from left to right) across the specimen in the middle part of the grid shown in Fig. 3. The time interval for each step is 5s. (b) Comparison of stress-stretch loading curves of a ST specimen obtained from MTS experiment (solid line) and DIC analysis (broken line).
View Large  |  Save Figure  |  Download Slide (.ppt)
(a) Transverse strain distribution across the tendon specimen calculated from DIC analysis at four time steps. The number of nodes represents six locations (from left to right) across the specimen in the middle part of the grid shown in Fig. 3. The time interval for each step is 5s. (b) Comparison of stress-stretch loading curves of a ST specimen obtained from MTS experiment (solid line) and DIC analysis (broken line).
Figure 4

(a) Transverse strain distribution across the tendon specimen calculated from DIC analysis at four time steps. The number of nodes represents six locations (from left to right) across the specimen in the middle part of the grid shown in Fig. 3. The time interval for each step is 5s. (b) Comparison of stress-stretch loading curves of a ST specimen obtained from MTS experiment (solid line) and DIC analysis (broken line).

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+Stress-stretch curves of a ST specimen obtained from the uniaxial tensile test. The wavelike lines were the original stress-stretch curve recorded in MTS. The smooth lines were obtained after the Ogden model fitting process. A hysteresis loop was observed for the ST.
View Large  |  Save Figure  |  Download Slide (.ppt)
Stress-stretch curves of a ST specimen obtained from the uniaxial tensile test. The wavelike lines were the original stress-stretch curve recorded in MTS. The smooth lines were obtained after the Ogden model fitting process. A hysteresis loop was observed for the ST.
Figure 5

Stress-stretch curves of a ST specimen obtained from the uniaxial tensile test. The wavelike lines were the original stress-stretch curve recorded in MTS. The smooth lines were obtained after the Ogden model fitting process. A hysteresis loop was observed for the ST.

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+(a) Stress-stretch curves of 12 ST specimens under uniaxial loading processes. The maximum stretch ratio λ was around 1.4 and the displacement rate was 0.01mm∕s. (b) The mean curve of stress-stretch relationships obtained from 12 ST specimens with SD bars.
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(a) Stress-stretch curves of 12 ST specimens under uniaxial loading processes. The maximum stretch ratio λ was around 1.4 and the displacement rate was 0.01mm∕s. (b) The mean curve of stress-stretch relationships obtained from 12 ST specimens with SD bars.
Figure 6

(a) Stress-stretch curves of 12 ST specimens under uniaxial loading processes. The maximum stretch ratio λ was around 1.4 and the displacement rate was 0.01mm∕s. (b) The mean curve of stress-stretch relationships obtained from 12 ST specimens with SD bars.

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+(a) Normalized stress relaxation function G(t) obtained from 9 ST specimens in stress relaxation tests. (b) The mean curve of G(t) of 9 tendon specimens with SD bars.
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(a) Normalized stress relaxation function G(t) obtained from 9 ST specimens in stress relaxation tests. (b) The mean curve of G(t) of 9 tendon specimens with SD bars.
Figure 7

(a) Normalized stress relaxation function G(t) obtained from 9 ST specimens in stress relaxation tests. (b) The mean curve of G(t) of 9 tendon specimens with SD bars.

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