Forced and Natural Convective Drying of Trehalose/Water Thin Films: Implication in the Desiccation Preservation of Mammalian Cells

Bingyan Chen; Alex Fowler; Sankha Bhowmick

doi:10.1115/1.2187051

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering | Volume 128 | Issue 3 | TECHNICAL PAPERS

< Previous Article Next Article >

TECHNICAL PAPERS: Cell

Forced and Natural Convective Drying of Trehalose/Water Thin Films: Implication in the Desiccation Preservation of Mammalian Cells

Bingyan Chen, Alex Fowler and Sankha Bhowmick

[+] Author and Article Information

Bingyan Chen, Alex Fowler

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA 02747

Sankha Bhowmick¹

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA 02747sbhowmick@umassd.edu

Corresponding author.

J Biomech Eng 128(3), 335-346 (Feb 06, 2006) (12 pages) doi:10.1115/1.2187051 History: Received December 09, 2004; Revised February 06, 2006

Article

References

Figures

Tables

Citing Articles

Abstract

Trehalose is believed to offer desiccation protection to mammalian cells by forming stable glassy matrices. The goal of the current study was to explore the desiccation kinetics of thin films of trehalose-water solution under forced and natural convective conditions and to investigate the thermophysical state of mammalian cells at the bottom of the thin film. We developed a finite difference model based on the mass and energy conservation equations coupled to the water transport model from the cells. The boundary conditions were obtained from correlations or experimental measurements and the Gordon-Taylor equation was used to predict the glass transition temperature at every location. Results indicated that there are three distinct regimes for drying for both forced and natural convection, characterized by the slope of the moisture content plot as a function of time. Our results also indicate that the surface of the solution reached the glassy state in less than $10 \min$ for the Reynolds (forced) numbers explored and $\sim 30 \min$ for some Rayleigh (natural convective) numbers; however, significant water was trapped at this instant. Larger drying force hastened quicker glass formation but trapped more water. The numerical model was capable of predicting the drying kinetics for the dilute region accurately, but deviated while predicting the other regimes. Based on these experimental validations of the model, the osmotic response of different cells located at the bottom of the solution with orders of magnitude difference in their membrane permeability $(L_{p})$ was predicted. The results suggested that extracellular glass formed around cells at the bottom of a trehalose-water solution by the propagation of glass into the solution; however it takes more than an order of magnitude time ( $\sim 7 \min to > 100 \min$ for forced convective drying) to remove sufficient water to form glass around cells from the time when the first surface glass is formed. This is attributed to low diffusivity of water through the glass. In addition, the water transport from the glassy matrix could be either diffusion or $L_{p}$ limited. For diffusion-limited transport, lowering the film thickness at the beginning of drying by half almost lowers the drying time by an order of magnitude. In summary, the optimal design of convective desiccation protocols requires accounting for the size of the cell, their membrane permeability $(L_{p})$ and the starting thickness of the solution.

FIGURES IN THIS ARTICLE

Purchase this Content

$25.00

Purchase

Learn about subscription and purchase options

Your Session has timed out. Please sign back in to continue.

References

Crowe, J. H., Crowe, L. M., Oliver, A. E., Tsvetkova, N., Wolkers, W., and Tablin, F., 2001, “The Trehalose Myth Revisited: Introduction to a Symposium on Stabilization of Cells in the Dry State,” Cryobiology, 43 , pp. 89–105.

Crowe, L. M., Reid, D. S., and Crowe, J. H., 1996, “Is Trehalose Special for Preserving Dry Biomaterials,” Biophys. J., 71 , pp. 2087–2093.

Green, J. L., and Angell, C. A., 1989, “Phase Relations and Vitrification in Saccharide-Water Solutions and the Trehalose Anomaly,” J. Phys. Chem. [CrossRef], 93 , pp. 2880–2882.

Wolkers, W. F., Walker, N. J., Tablin, F., and Crowe, J. H., 2001, “Human Platelets Loaded with Trehalose Survive Freeze-Drying,” Cryobiology, 42 , pp. 79–87.

Bhowmick, S., Zhu, L., Mcginnis, L., Lawitts, J., Nath, B. D., Toner, M., and Biggers, J., 2003, “Desiccation Tolerance of Spermatozoa Dried at Ambient Temperature: Production of Fetal Mice,” Biol. Reprod., 68 , pp. 1779–1786.

Acker, J. P., Fowler, A., Lauman, B., Cheley, S., and Toner, M., 2002, “Survival of Desiccated Mammalian Cells: Beneficial Effects of Isotonic Media,” Cell Preservation Technology, 1 , pp. 129–140.

Okazaki, M., Shioda, K., Masuda, K., and Toei, R., 1974, “Drying Mechanism of Coated Film of Polymer Solution,” J. Chem. Eng. Jpn., 7 (2), pp. 99–104.

Guerrier, B., Bouchard, C., Allain, C., and Benard, C., 1998, “Drying Kinetics of Polymer Films,” AIChE J. [CrossRef], 44 (4), pp. 791–798.

Shastry, A. V., and Hartel, R. W., 1996, “Crystallization During Drying of Thin Sucrose Films,” J. Food. Eng., 30 , pp. 75–94.

Ben-Yoseph, E., Hartel, R. W., and Howling, D., 2000, “Three-Dimensional Model of Phase Transition of Thin Surcorse Films,” J. Food. Eng. [CrossRef], 44 , pp. 13–22.

Deegan, R. D., Bakajin, O., Dupont, T. F., Huber, G., Nagel, S. R., and Witten, T. A., 2000, “Contact Line Deposits in an Evaporating Drop,” Phys. Rev. E [CrossRef], 62 , pp. 756–765.

Deegan, R. D., Bakajin, O., Dupont, T. F., Huber, G., Nagel, S. R., and Witten, T. A., 1997, “Capillary Flow as the Cause of Ring Stains from Dried Liquid Drops,” Nature (London) [CrossRef], 389 , pp. 827–829.

Dean, J. A., 1973, "Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry", 11th ed., Mcgraw-Hill, New York.

Bejan, A., 1995, "Convection Heat Transfer", 2nd ed., Wiley, New York.

Ekdawi-Sever, N., Pablo, J. J., Feick, E., and Meerwall, E., 2003, “Diffusion of Sucrose and α,α-Trehalose in Aqueous Solutions,” J. Phys. Chem. A [CrossRef], 107 , pp. 936–943.

Sano, Y., and Yamamoto, S., 1993, “Mutual Diffusion Coefficient of Aqueous Sugar Solutions,” J. Chem. Eng. Jpn., 26 , pp. 633–636.

Gordon, M., and Taylor, J. S., 1952, “Ideal Copolymers and the Second-Order Transitions of Synthetic Rubbers. I. Non-Crystalline Copolymers,” J. Appl. Chem., 2 , pp. 493–500.

Roos, Y., 1993, “Melting and Glass Transitions of Low Molecular Weight Carbohydrates,” Carbohydr. Res. [CrossRef], 238 , pp. 39–48.

Chen, T., Fowler, A., and Toner, M., 2000, “Literature Review: Supplemented Phase Diagram of the Trehalose-Water Binary Mixture,” Cryobiology [CrossRef], 40 , pp. 277–282.

Bhowmick, S., Khamis, C. A., and Bischof, J. C., 1998, “Response of a Liver Tissue Slab to a Hyperosmotic Sucrose Boundary Condition: Microscale Cellular and Vascular Level Effects,” Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 858 , pp. 147–162.

Levin, R. L., Cravalho, E. G., and Huggins, C. G., 1976, “A Membrane Model Describing the Effect of Temperature on the Water Conductivity of Erythrocyte Membranes at Subzero Temperatures,” Cryobiology [CrossRef], 13 , pp. 415–429.

Greenspan, L., 1977, Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards-A Physics and Chemistry, 81A , pp. 89–95.

Brunauer, S., Emmett, P. H., and Teller, E., 1938, “Adsorption of Gases in Multimolecular Layers,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. [CrossRef], 60 , pp. 309–319.

Zhang, J., and Zografi, G., 2000, “The Relationship Between “BET”- and “Free Volume”-Derived Parameters for Water Vapor Absorption into Amorphous Solids,” J. Pharm. Sci. [CrossRef], 89 , pp. 1063–1073.

Elias, M. E., and Elias, A. M., 1999, “Trehalose+Water Fragile System: Properties and Glass Transition,” J. Mol. Liq. [CrossRef], 83 , pp. 303–310.

Terwilliger, T. C., and Solomon, A. K., 1981, “Osmotic Water Permeability of Human Red Cells,” J. Gen. Physiol. [CrossRef], 77 , pp. 549–570.

Porshe, A. M., Korber, C., Englich, S., Hartmann, U., and Rau, G., 1986, “Determination of the Permeability of Human Lymphocytes With a Microscope Diffusion Chamber,” Cryobiology [CrossRef], 23 , pp. 302–316.

He, Y., Dong, Q., Tiersch, T. R., and Devireddy, R. V., 2004, “Variation in the Membrane Transport Properties Predicted Optimal Rates of Freezing for Spermatozoa of Diploid and Tetraploid Pacific Oyster,” Biol. Reprod. [CrossRef], 70 , pp. 1428–1437.

Figures

Schematic diagram of the cross section of a small droplet of trehalose solution undergoing air-drying. The volume of the droplet is 30μl. The diameter of the droplet, L, is 10mm. The height of the droplet, s(t), decreases over time as water is evaporating. Water flux from the droplet to the air, jw, can be calculated from the water vapor concentration in air at the liquid-air interface, Cv,s, the water vapor concentration in the surrounding atmosphere, Cv,∞, and mass transfer coefficient, hm. Thin film simulation was performed based on dimensional analysis as shown in text.

View Large | Save Figure | Download Slide (.ppt)

Figure 1

Schematic diagram of the cross section of a small droplet of trehalose solution undergoing air-drying. The volume of the droplet is 30μl. The diameter of the droplet, L, is 10mm. The height of the droplet, s(t), decreases over time as water is evaporating. Water flux from the droplet to the air, jw, can be calculated from the water vapor concentration in air at the liquid-air interface, Cv,s, the water vapor concentration in the surrounding atmosphere, Cv,∞, and mass transfer coefficient, hm. Thin film simulation was performed based on dimensional analysis as shown in text.

Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for force convective drying. 1: gas tank; 2: regulator; 3: flow rate meter; 4: channel; 5: test sample. The test sample was dried by blowing nitrogen gas through the channel at different flow rates. The entire flow path was tightly sealed to prevent leakage. Test samples were taken out of the channel periodically and weighed on a microbalance.

View Large | Save Figure | Download Slide (.ppt)

Figure 2

Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for force convective drying. 1: gas tank; 2: regulator; 3: flow rate meter; 4: channel; 5: test sample. The test sample was dried by blowing nitrogen gas through the channel at different flow rates. The entire flow path was tightly sealed to prevent leakage. Test samples were taken out of the channel periodically and weighed on a microbalance.

$Plot of water activity vs water weight fraction$

View Large | Save Figure | Download Slide (.ppt)

$Plot of water activity vs water weight fraction$

Figure 3

Plot of water activity vs water weight fraction

Plot of experimental results and corresponding numerical simulation of the drying rates of a thin layer of trehalose solution under forced convection and natural convection. (a) Forced convective drying. Filled diamond (◆) shows the average value of three individual experiments in the case of Re=225; filled rectangular (∎) shows the average value of three individual experiments in the case of Re=338; filled triangle (▴) shows the average value of three individual experiments in the case of Re=450; error bar represents the standard deviation; solid line (—), dashed line (---), and dashed-dotted line (-∙-) represent the numerical simulation for Re=225, Re=338, and Re=450, respectively. (b) Natural convective drying. Filled rectangular (∎) shows the average value of three individual experiments in the case of Ram=424; filled diamond (◆) shows the average value of three individual experiments in the case of Ram=492; filled triangle (▴) shows the average value of three individual experiments in the case of Ram=557; filled circle (●) shows the average value of three individual experiments in the case of Ram=663; error bar represents the standard deviation; solid line (—), dotted line (⋯), dashed-dotted line (-∙-), and dashed line (---) represent the numerical simulation for Ram=424, Ram=492, Ram=557, and Ram=663, respectively.

View Large | Save Figure | Download Slide (.ppt)

Figure 4

Plot of experimental results and corresponding numerical simulation of the drying rates of a thin layer of trehalose solution under forced convection and natural convection. (a) Forced convective drying. Filled diamond (◆) shows the average value of three individual experiments in the case of Re=225; filled rectangular (∎) shows the average value of three individual experiments in the case of Re=338; filled triangle (▴) shows the average value of three individual experiments in the case of Re=450; error bar represents the standard deviation; solid line (—), dashed line (---), and dashed-dotted line (-∙-) represent the numerical simulation for Re=225, Re=338, and Re=450, respectively. (b) Natural convective drying. Filled rectangular (∎) shows the average value of three individual experiments in the case of Ram=424; filled diamond (◆) shows the average value of three individual experiments in the case of Ram=492; filled triangle (▴) shows the average value of three individual experiments in the case of Ram=557; filled circle (●) shows the average value of three individual experiments in the case of Ram=663; error bar represents the standard deviation; solid line (—), dotted line (⋯), dashed-dotted line (-∙-), and dashed line (---) represent the numerical simulation for Ram=424, Ram=492, Ram=557, and Ram=663, respectively.

Plot of experimental results and corresponding numerical simulation of the drying rates of a thin layer of trehalose solution with different initial trehalose concentration in two representative cases. (a) Forced convective drying, Re=450; (b) Natural convective drying, Ram=557. Filled diamond (◆) shows the average value of three individual experiments for 0.1M initial trehalose molar concentration; filled triangle (▴) shows the average value of three individual experiments for 0.2M initial trehalose molar concentration; filled rectangular (∎) shows the average value of three individual experiments for 0.5M initial trehalose molar concentration; error bar represents the standard deviation; solid line (—), dashed line (---), and dotted line (⋯) represent the numerical simulation for 0.1M, 0.2M, and 0.5M initial trehalose molar concentration, respectively.

View Large | Save Figure | Download Slide (.ppt)

Figure 5

Plot of experimental results and corresponding numerical simulation of the drying rates of a thin layer of trehalose solution with different initial trehalose concentration in two representative cases. (a) Forced convective drying, Re=450; (b) Natural convective drying, Ram=557. Filled diamond (◆) shows the average value of three individual experiments for 0.1M initial trehalose molar concentration; filled triangle (▴) shows the average value of three individual experiments for 0.2M initial trehalose molar concentration; filled rectangular (∎) shows the average value of three individual experiments for 0.5M initial trehalose molar concentration; error bar represents the standard deviation; solid line (—), dashed line (---), and dotted line (⋯) represent the numerical simulation for 0.1M, 0.2M, and 0.5M initial trehalose molar concentration, respectively.

$Plot of water weight fraction vs normalized spacial location in the solution film at various times (in min) in two representative cases. (a) Forced convective drying, Re=450. (b) Natural convective drying, Ram=424. The horizontal axis (z∕s0) represents the spacial location (z) in the film normalized by the initial film thickness (s0). Thickness of the film is decreasing with time.$

View Large | Save Figure | Download Slide (.ppt)

Figure 6

Plot of water weight fraction vs normalized spacial location in the solution film at various times (in min) in two representative cases. (a) Forced convective drying, Re=450. (b) Natural convective drying, Ram=424. The horizontal axis (z∕s0) represents the spacial location (z) in the film normalized by the initial film thickness (s0). Thickness of the film is decreasing with time.

Plot of predicted volumetric shrinkage response of three types of cells at the bottom of trehalose solution film undergoing forced and natural convective drying. Solid line (—) represents the numerical simulation for forced convective drying, Re=450; dotted line (⋯) represents the numerical simulation for natural convective drying, Ram=557.

View Large | Save Figure | Download Slide (.ppt)

Figure 7

Plot of predicted volumetric shrinkage response of three types of cells at the bottom of trehalose solution film undergoing forced and natural convective drying. Solid line (—) represents the numerical simulation for forced convective drying, Re=450; dotted line (⋯) represents the numerical simulation for natural convective drying, Ram=557.

Tables

Errata

Web of Science® Times Cited: 6

Some tools below are only available to our subscribers or users with an online account.

Sections
PDF
Email

You must be logged in as an individual user to share content.

Return to: Forced and Natural Convective Drying of Trehalose/Water Thin Films: Implication in the Desiccation Preservation of Mammalian Cells

Copyright in the material you requested is held by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (unless otherwise noted). This email ability is provided as a courtesy, and by using it you agree that you are requesting the material solely for personal, non-commercial use, and that it is subject to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers' Terms of Use. The information provided in order to email this topic will not be used to send unsolicited email, nor will it be furnished to third parties. Please refer to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers' Privacy Policy for further information.
Share
Get Citation

Chen B, Fowler A, Bhowmick S. Forced and Natural Convective Drying of Trehalose/Water Thin Films: Implication in the Desiccation Preservation of Mammalian Cells. ASME. J Biomech Eng. 2006;128(3):335-346. doi:10.1115/1.2187051.

Download citation file:

RIS (Zotero)

EndNote

BibTex

Medlars

ProCite

RefWorks

Reference Manager

© Copyright
Get Alerts

Processing your request... Please Wait.

Forced and Natural Convective Drying of Trehalose/Water Thin Films: Implication in the Desiccation Preservation of Mammalian Cells

Abstract

FIGURES IN THIS ARTICLE

References

Figures

Tables

Errata

Related Content

Journals

Conference Proceedings

eBooks